Global Business Communication Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Communication Issues - Essay Example To effectively market the products in every export territory, business enterprises must communicate in the local languages. The implications of such a requirement are that the business enterprises should translate their product information, business communications, and marketing collateral. To create communications that are relevant to the local market needs a translation that exceeds the domestic content is required. Therefore, companies must make their advertising copies incorporate the benefits that specifically meet the needs of the local buyers and product descriptions to comply with the local practices and regulations. Solving this communication challenge requires that international companies should have localization agencies in different countries. Another critical issue in the global business communication is that of using consistent product terminologies. There is a significant challenge for every manufacturer to ensure that the names of the components, products, and spare p arts are consistently used in every export territory. Lack of consistent product terminologies creates a problem in supplying the right spare parts or products. To address this problem, the international companies must develop databases of technical terms and products and provide the translations of these technical terms to the local distribution and marketing agencies. The global business enterprises should undertake a global terminology management to ensure the consistency of communication and avoid costly errors.

Fleet of Foot Essay Example for Free

Fleet of Foot Essay Up until now, Navado Carrillo’s present strategy was working just fine. Her idea of providing high-end running shoes made her a very good return on her investment in the first 10 years. Selling mainly Nike products was also a very good idea Navado had because Nike was well accepted and seen as top quality to her customers. Her current strategy of also adding other Nike shoes, including walking shoes, shoes for aerobic exercise, basketball shoes, tennis shoes, and cross trainers was a good idea for the business because it offered her loyal customers different options of shoes now that jogging is becoming too demanding. I think where Navado went wrong is adding in a line of sportswear and putting more emphasis on fashion. Her business is known for high quality running shoes and other shoes, not fashion. Other companies like to sell other brands and have a few line of sportswear fashion to separate themselves from well-known shoe stores like Navado’s. Now that she added this extra line and incorporated more fashion into her store, she is in direct competition to other stores, which results in her losing business and having her sales flatten out. To help her sudden fall in business, Navado tried an experiment that was great in my opinion, where â€Å"she took a line of high-performance athletic shoes that were made to order. The distinctive feature of these shoes was that the sole was molded to precisely fit the customer’s foot† (Perreault). This was a great idea because when someone came in looking for high-end running shoes, her sales clerks would tell them all about it and once the shoes came in two weeks later, they were delighted. Since those shoes were going for $170, only serious runners would buy them but seeing how they were happy with the product, they could spread the word about these shoes to other runners, which would increase Navado’s sales. However, the company that offered them ran into financial trouble and went out of business. The alternative strategies Navado is considering is going through another company that is offering a very similar custom shoe program. The only problem is that this new company requires many more requirements that the other company didn’t require. Having to spend more money on updating the website to promote this company, as well as travel, hotel, and food expenses for the two day training program for her salesclerks makes Navado uncertain in what to do. Personally, I think she should do this even though it would cost her several thousands of dollars to begin with. The other strategy she is considering is making fashion her main attraction because of the recent success of other women’s wear businesses. This would not be a good idea because she would just be competing with more powerful fashion retailers in which she would lose business and go astray from what she built her business upon. I believe Navados primary problem isn’t her emphasis on running shoes or emphasis on trying to hang on to her current customer, but instead, her indecision on who her target market should be. To fix this problem, I think Navado should solely focus on selling high-end running shoes as well as other Nike athletic shoes to gain customers who are just looking for a good pair of shoes. Also, seeing how she had success in the custom molding shoes before that company went out of business, I think she should go through this other company so that she can expand her running shoes into making custom ones for customers. Although it would cost several thousands of dollars to begin with and there are more promotional expenses that this company requires, the company in return provides exclusive sales territories that would separate Navado’s business from her competitors. Selling women’s apparel and adding a line of sportswear just results in more competition and a loss of business for Navado. Keeping her main focus on high end, custom running shoes and other athletic shoes would increase her sales, keep her loyal customers coming in and stay with what made her business flourish in past years.

Ernie Barnes: Research of the Football Artist Essay -- history

Ernie Barnes: Research of the Football Artist Ernie Barnes was and still is one of the most popular and well-respected black artists today. Born and raised in Durham, North Carolina, in 1938, during the time the south as segregated, Ernie Barnes was not expected to become a famous artist. However, as a young boy, Barnes would, â€Å"often [accompany] his mother to the home of the prominent attorney, Frank Fuller, Jr., where she worked as a [housekeeper]† (Artist Vitae, The Company of Art, 1999). Fuller was able to spark Barnes’ interest in art when he was only seven years old. Fuller told him about the various schools of art, his favorite painters, and the museums he visited (Barnes, 1995, p. 7). Fuller further introduced Barnes to the works of such artists as, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Correggio, which later influenced Barnes’ mannerist style of painting. As a young boy Barnes was â€Å"introverted and shy† (p. 8). He wasn’t able to fight like the other young boys his age, and quickly became a punching bag for bullies. The after school brawls became so severe that Barnes’ mother asked his principal to allow him to leave school fifteen minutes early everyday. After viewing the extent of Barnes’ bruises, the principal had no choice but to comply. On the other hand, once the other children learned that Barnes could draw they no longer laughed and made fun of him, â€Å"They just watched [him draw] in silent awe† (p. 8). When Barnes entered junior high school, he became interested in dating and knew that the only way he could get attention from the girls was to play junior varsity football. Therefore, he joined the team, and was dubbed too sensitive for the game, and later quit the team. However, when Barnes entered high school, he was put on a bodybuilding program, by the high schools weight lifting coach, Mr. Tucker, who showed a genuine interest in Barnes’ drawings. Through Mr. Tucker’s constant encouragement, Barnes was able to reinvent himself, graduating from high school with twenty-six football scholarships, as well as the respect of the community (Artist Vitae, 1999). Before Barnes went to college, at North Carolina College (now North Carolina Central University), he impregnated a young girl and was forced to marry her in order to save face, and his first child was born in 1957. Although Barnes’ marriage was not a successful one, he adored his newbor... ...ers football team. Completes â€Å"A Dream Unfolds†, commission for National Basketball Association commemorating their 50th anniversary. Private commissions (5). Receives Treasure of Los Angeles award, Central City Associatio  · 1998: â€Å"The Advocate† donated by Donna Arnold to North Carolina Central University School of Law. Begins paintings for traveling exhibition, Visual Poem of Human Experience. Private commissions (6).  · 1999: Private commissions (2). Continues to work on paintings for traveling exhibition, Visual Poems of Human Experience (The Company of Art, Chronology 1999). Bibliography Barnes, Ernie (1995). From Pads to Palette. Waco, Texas: WRS Publishing. Huyett, Pat. (2000). Mbembe: High Aspirations [Online]. Available: http://cctr.umkc.edu/~phuyett/mbembe.html [2001, March 19]. The Company of Art. (1999). Artist Vitae [Online]. Available: http://www.erniebarnes.com/bio.html [2001, March 19]. The Company of Art. (1999). Chronology [Online]. Available: http://www.erniebarnes.com/chronology.html [2001, March 19]. The October Gallery. (2000, May 19). About the Artist [Online]. Available: http://www.octobergallery.com/sbarnes.htm [2001, March 19].

College essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I near the end of my high school career, I realize that I am not the same person who began 3 years ago as a freshman. While my teachers instilled the fundamental aspects of a well-rounded education, I learned through my own experience that education extends beyond the classroom. My activities in academics, athletics, community service and work experience, have instilled qualities in me that will prepare me for the immediate future of college and beyond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My unique educational environment of a school has allowed me the opportunity to form close relationships with teachers and students alike, enabling me to interact with people of various backgrounds and ages. These experiences prepared me for my encounters beyond the realm of the classroom. Within this environment, I planned my class’ junior and senior trips. These experiences provided me with an opportunity to represent my classmates while fostering communication between the faculty and students. Currently, I participate in a class called . Twice a week, and I get together to read, review his homework, talk about current events, and share our life experiences. While this seemed intimidating at first, I learned that he depended on me to help with his work. No longer was I just ‘helping out’, but I had a responsibility to to assist with his learning and be a positive role model in his life. With these recent school experiences, I have learned how communication and c...

Equal Education in US

How many times has the United Negro College Fund aired the commercial including the phrase: â€Å"A mind is a terrible thing to waste? † The world would be rich to equate the repetitions with dollar bills. This famous slogan was a means to promote higher education. Unfortunately, there are many people who do not fit the description of a college student due to poverty. An uneducated parent feels powerless in this society. A young teenage mother may feel that there is no feasible schedule possible to fulfill her dreams. An elementary student looks to his parents and teachers for answers to the question marks surrounding his environment of lack. The people that are in these types of situations are held down by poverty. Children who have financial hardship comprise a sizeable portion of Texas public schools. According to an article published in Family Circle magazine, teenage births increased by more than sixty-five percent during the 1980†³s. There have been studies that prove persons receiving government assistance i. e. welfare have high illiteracy rates. What is the solution for the people suffering from these impoverished circumstances? It is of utmost importance that we prioritize and organize to set forth change . Our immediate attention as a nation will only make our economy stronger by putting a halt to the cycle. Poverty has the power to stagnate achievement. However, knowledge is power no matter where one may live. In order to break the power of poverty we need to educate our parents, offer vocational training for young single mothers, and encourage pursuit of higher education through the community. â€Å"Children of poor and poorly-educated parents are often caught in a vicious circle of educational failures. † (Block 72) Their rate of success is much lower than the rate of their middle-class peers. This is largely contributed to the level of education one receives and is able to pass on to his children. Many under privileged people are unarmed with the necessary knowledge to steer their child towards educational improvement. There are also many people are unaware of scholarship programs and what it takes to apply for one. If the information were readily available many would still be unable to adhere to a specific goal plan due to the absence of strategic planning and the high illiteracy rate of adults. These ideals must be instilled at an early age by the parent. Failure to do so results in an immediate disadvantage to the child. According to a 1993 federal report: Only about forty-five percent of high-poverty homes receive a newspaper, nearly half the rate of higher-income homes. About fifteen percent lack dictionaries compared to three percent for more affluent families. Poor parents spend more time doing chores with their children, while other parents take their children on educational outings. Poor parents are less likely to have finished high school. ( Bazeley 727) These facts come with great consequence for the child and are great examples of what happens in the average low income home. The time is overdue for parents of poor homes to become more active in their child†s education from early childhood. There are open Senate meetings and hearings that the common citizen can sit in on and react to but it takes someone who is willing to obtain drive to react for the sake of their future in America. It should become natural instinct for a parent to become actively involved in the pursuit of education for their child to excel. It is important for parents to get strong and learn in order to insure that their child will not experience life the same way they did. When people use the literary skills they are learning in their work , they not only improve their literacy and productivity levels but also increase their language use with their children and in their communities. † (Lewis 186) This supports the need for vocational training for mothers on welfare who are usually teenagers. Offering education to single parents and teenage mothers would also give them a better foundation in which to build their family upon. The real key to helping the young mothers is early prevention. There is a high mortality rate among teenagers who experience early pregnancy. It is a signal for an automatic start on the road to government dependency such as subsidized housing and welfare. Usually the children are born with drug and/or alcohol dependencies which automatically puts them in a negative position when it comes to their education. This escalates the need to reach the teen mothers when they are about to reach their sexual peak. The main focus is to guide the teenager into practicing abstinence delaying sexual activity. This job ties into the need for the parent to be more involved with the education process and progress. However once a child is born into that situation the young mother is placed in the position to be responsible. Vocational training would provide the foundation and confidence that the mother on welfare needs. This will allow her to boost her self esteem and will automatically affect the child in a positive way. The most important of all things is to offer encouragement while the child is young. It is very rare that a child will possess the drive to overcome adversity while he is young. It is the parents† responsibility to offer the goal of a higher education. Through the attainment of higher education the walls of poverty will start to come down one at a time. Parents play a critical role in offering cushion for school performance â€Å"†Time and time again studies show that being ready to learn before school starts is the best predictor of educational success,† says Dan Keating, director of the Human Development Program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. † (Dwyer 70) Teachers and counselors also play a critical role. Linda Garcia is a neighbor and a single parent of three teenagers. Her oldest daughter is already a mother of two, on welfare and has a boyfriend who is a drug dealer. The other two are in high school. After discussing her children†s educational goals with school counselors, Linda became aware of the lack of concern that seemed prevalent. It appeared that counselors mostly encourage students who are naturally bright to excel past high school. Many counselors set up career plans with students who are high achievers and fail to respond to the students who are â€Å"just making it. † Inadvertently, these particular counselors are helping to suppress the desire that the below-average student may have to advance to college or beyond. Linda is a high school drop out and encourages her children but without additional forms of reinforcement her children may never excel past high school. We need to increase community and school participation in low-income families. Failure to recognize this problem denotes refusal to accept the economic changes that occur due to lack of education. Once we face this problem we will be able to grow more economically as a nation. Poverty is a very difficult position to be in. Many times there is not enough food to feed the family. So many other times our children turn to gangs and violence instead of better education. Not only does poverty effect education but it affects health as well. Many people in poverty are unable to visit doctors. Children lose focus in school from lack of sleep due to the surrounding environment. These factors magnify the need to put a halt to poverty. More people have to be able to identify this major concern of our nation for the good of America. Without the help of society as a whole it may become impossible to put an end to poverty in the United States. Not all stories have horrible endings so there remains a faint hope. For example, consider a young woman who grew up in low-income housing and on welfare. She had to deal with lack of transportation, adequate clothing, and many time no food in the pantry. Her environment consisted of firing guns, fighting, drugs, and constant visits from the police. Her greatest responsibility was taking care of her little brothers and sometimes missing school because her mother had no sitter. As a young child she had drive and ambition. Her inability to actively participate in school functions intensified her drive to overcome her surroundings. Her biggest dream was to help others to overcome. Where is this woman now? She has begun her long awaited dream and is finally in college full time. What does she desire to attain from a higher education? The answer is simple†¦.. she wants to be a teacher. She wants to leave a legacy and provide encouragement to others who may have experienced the same misfortune as a small child. No longer struck down by poverty she pursuing a degree in mathematics. Now her potential accomplishments are endless. Had she ever received encouragement from her mother? No. Just imagine how much closer her dreams would have been if her parents had given encouragement. â€Å"Education remains the key to both economic and political empowerment. † Barbara Jordan, 1991.

Runaway Jury Ethics paper Essays

Runaway Jury Ethics paper Essays Runaway Jury Ethics paper Essay Runaway Jury Ethics paper Essay Virtuous Revenge? The movie defines the trail that Jury will sit in on. A man walks into a New Orleans brokerage firm and opens fire on everyone inside. He kills one of the higher-ranking employs, Jacob Woods. The movie then immediately Jumps two years ahead in time. We meet Nicholas Easter, played by John Sack. He opens a letter to find out he has been summoned for Jury Duty. The case is none other than Celeste Woods, the woman whose husband had been shot two years prior, vs.. Vicksburg Firearms, the company that allowed the gun to get into the killers hands. As Nick is walking away room his mailbox, someone is taking pictures of him. This is where the main ethical dilemma is revealed. Rankin Fitch, played by Gene Hickman, has already begun to gather information on all the possible Jurors that could work the trail. He plans on getting the Jurors that would vote for his client, Vicksburg Firearms. Wendell Roar, the attorney that represents Celeste, also decides to hire a Jury consultant like Fitch. He chooses a man that came down from Philadelphia, named Lawrence, to do the Job. In the midst of the movie unfolding, we also find out that Nick has been chosen as Juror #9. When Nick arrives home later that night, He greets Marble, and we learn that are trying to sway the Jury as well. They are trying to make money by selling the Jurors votes to the highest paying side. There are 3 different sides working this trail, each wanting to win for their own reasons. Is this idea of swaying a Jury ethical? The three theories of ethical behavior that most apply to this movie are Rights Theory, Utilitarianism, and Justice and Fairness. I will apply these separate theories to try and answer this question. The first theory I want to take a look at is Justice and Fairness. The whole trial is about whether Mrs.. Woods deserved to be compensated for her husbands death. She was taking on a Gun manufacturer, not the specific person that shot her husband. Her attorney claimed that Vicksburg Firearms werent checking store sells. Therefore allowing people to buy as many guns as they wanted. They claimed people were buying these guns in large amounts, to sell on the black market. Of course, Vicksburg attorneys argued that the company had been checking up on different sales. They argued the fact that it wasnt there fault her husband was injured. They also argued the fact that the shooter was the real cause and was dead. So the question, in regards to whether Mrs.. Woods deserved the money or not, can actually be found by looking at compensatory Justice. If Vicksburg Firearms was negligent to where their guns were being sold, then it might be their fault that the gunman was able to acquire a gun. This is the reason that Finch was hired. The company knew that there was a slight chance they could lose and have their reputation, and money, deteriorate. Is this any reason that a Jury should be looked at as votes? Is it something that can be bought or manipulated to go a certain way? The answer is no. Rails theory of fairness pulls many different approaches of Justice into two principals. The first principle, the principle of equal liberty, is the greater of the two. It states that liberties must be protected from invasion of others and must be equal to those of others. This simply means that everyone deserves equal treatment. So the Jury should be protected from outside, and inside, invasion. Therefore they are tightly linked to duties. That is why I am going to look at rights theory next. Rights theory defined is an individuals entitlement to do something. Moral rights and Legal sights are different, but when trying to swing the Juror votes, both are violated. Using the legal rights system, it permits a person to act a certain way. That is why the Jurors are allowed to Judge whether someone is guilty or innocent. Moral Rights are entitlements based on moral standards independent of a legal system. That is why someone trying to swing the vote is wrong. These people are independent of the legal system but still feel that they can control others rights. An easier way to look at it is; if I have a right to do something, others have a duty to not interfere with that eight. Because these Jurors are fulfilling a legal right and their moral rights are being jeopardized, both of their rights are being infringed upon. Moral rights, in particular, provide individuals with equality and autonomy. One cannot subject others to their wishes. Finch does not do this subtly. He gives many of the Jurors ultimatums by digging up dirt in their past, and also causing problems. Two of these situations stood out very clear to me. The first was when Finchs henchman told Kick that he knew about her abortion. That he knew the baby wasnt her husbands and if she didnt vote his way, her husband would find out. The next situation was when Finch set Mills husband up to get arrested. Mill was told that if she didnt vote for Vicksburg, her husband wouldnt be released. These tactics are morally and legally wrong. The last topic I want to look at is Utilitarianism. This is Just selecting the best course of action that has the most beneficial consequences for society. Some would argue that this is the only way a verdict could be swung. If someone from the inside or outside could sway the verdict so that the most positive, or least negative, outcome loud happen, it would be all right. This is where I want to take a look at Nick. He is a juror on the case and has his own agenda. He plays both sides but his intentions are made clear at the very end of the movie. Nick had been in Middle school when someone came in and shot up the school. He wasnt able to save Marbles twin sister and always thought it was his fault. When the town he was from tried to sue the gun manufacturer, they lost and went bankrupt. Finch was the Jury Consultant for the gun company. Nick worked with Marble on this trail and they were able to swing the votes away from Finch.

How to Write Your Graduate School Admissions Essay

How to Write Your Graduate School Admissions Essay The admissions essay is often the least well-understood part of the graduate school application yet it is critical to your admissions success. The graduate admissions essay or personal statement is your chance to distinguish yourself  from other applicants and let the admissions committee know you apart from your GPA and GRE scores. Your admissions essay can be the deciding factor in whether you are accepted or rejected by a graduate school. Therefore, it is necessary that you write an essay that is honest, interesting, and well organized. How well you structure and organize your application essay can determine your fate. A well-written essay tells the admissions committee that you have the capacity to write coherently, think logically, and do well in grad school. Format your essay to include an introduction, a body, and a concluding paragraph. Essays are often written in response to prompts posed by the grad school. Regardless, organization is key to your success. Introduction: The introduction is the most important part of the essay, especially the first sentence. The first sentence introduces your essay and a bad introduction, in person or in writing, is detrimental to your admissions chances.The first sentence should be unique and compelling, possibly thought provoking or attention-grabbing.First sentences may explain your desire to study the subject of interest or discuss the motivation that influenced your desire to study the subject of interest. State it in a creative manner.The sentences following the first sentence should provide a brief explanation that supports the claim stated in the first sentence.Your goal for the introduction is to entice the reader to continue beyond the first paragraph. The Body: The body includes several paragraphs that provide detailed evidence to support the statements made in the introductory paragraph.Each paragraph should have a transition, which starts each paragraph with a topic statement that will be the theme of that paragraph. This gives the reader a heads up of whats to come. Transitions connect paragraphs to preceding paragraphs, enabling the essay to flow smoothly.Each paragraph should have a resolution, which ends each paragraph with a meaningful sentence that provides a transition to the next paragraph.Experiences, accomplishments or any other evidence that can support your claims should be included in the body. Future goals should also be mentioned in the body.A short summary of your educational background can be discussed in the 1st paragraph of the body.Personal experiences and the reasons for wanting to attend the school can be discussed in the 2nd paragraph.Do not simply repeat what was stated in the application.The last paragraph can exp lain why you are a good match for the program. Conclusion: The conclusion is the last paragraph of the essay.State the key points mentioned in the body, such as your experiences or accomplishments, that explain your interest in the subject. State it in a conclusive and brief manner.Convey your fit to the specific graduate program and field. Your essay should include detail, be personal, and specific. The purpose of the graduate admissions essay is to show the admission committee what makes you unique and different from other applicants. Your job is to display your distinct personality and provide evidence that confirms your passion, desire, and, especially, fit for the subject and the program.

The Erosion of Social Capital and the Strength of Despotism essays

The Erosion of Social Capital and the Strength of Despotism essays In this current era where issues of war and terrorism rule the political arena, the power of politicians is often reliant upon one basic factor: fear. President Bushs ingenious political strategy of engaging in a seemingly infinite war on terrorism establishes fear of attack if he is not re-elected. No matter what weaknesses he may posses, whether they deal with economic recession or social inequality, he will likely win re-election because the American people have been manipulated into fearing that terrorists will strike if he is booted out of office. It comes as no surprise, then, why so many anti-war activists have related the Bush Administration to the totalitarian regime in George Orwells 1984. It tells the story of Oceania, a nation ruled by a political party driven to maintain its power and control. The Party, like the Bush Administration, uses fear in the hope of remaining in power. By using fear as a political tool, the Party eliminates all trust and social capital in Oceania, crushing all challenges to its absolute power. One of the Partys primary tools in establishing dominance over the people is through the use of a new language called Newspeak, a replacement of Oldspeak (Standard English). The whole purpose of developing this new language is part of the Partys theory that it would completely erase the possibility of ever questioning the doctrine of Ingsoc (English Socialism). By abolishing the use of undesirable words like free, and by restricting the choice of words a person could use, the result is the narrowing of a persons range of thought, thereby eliciting total cooperation to the Party (Orwell 247). In fact, the ability to think is not just narrowed, but completely eliminated, since an emphasis is placed on speaking words so rapidly that a person would not have time to induce thought (abbreviating Ministry of Love to Miniluv, for example)...

Dying Religions of the World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dying Religions of the World - Research Paper Example As the report declares The great numbers of religious beliefs found among the people living in the contemporary world testify of the divergence of religious views found in the world today. The believers of the various religious beliefs have organized themselves into different religious groups hence the emergence of denominations, sects, and sub sects among others which originate from the mainstream religious beliefs. With the proliferation of the religious beliefs, various reactions from the wider society and especially from the believers in the mainstream religion have emerged. From the essay it is clear that following doctrines taught to the believers in the religious organizations and other factors, there has been a great shift in the trend and the rate of growth within the religions of the world with some religions showing a positive growth while others have displayed negative growth- the number of followers diminishing with time. The following discussion is about the world religions which are dying with time and the causes attributed to their dying. The believers in this religion practice monotheism and the belief that God has continually sent prophets with a revealed word for the people. Some of the prophets they believe to have been sent by God include Adam, Jesus, Buddha, Mohammed, Krishna and Siyyid 'Ali-Muhammad among others. The followers of this religion have for a long time acted as targets of heavy persecution by a number of countries with a particular note to Iran.

Easy Jet Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Easy Jet Airlines - Essay Example The CEO - Stelios is known for exceptional decision-making and problem-solving skills (including correct analysis, comparison of alternatives, and selecting best alternative), Value driven; possesses qualities of honesty and integrity, Takes initiative and plans accordingly (includes planning, organizational, and time and conflict management skills), Holds accountability for actions, Knowledge in given field, Observant and reacts to employee/customer needs, Effectively assumes responsibility and rewards/punishes accordingly, Promotes team-building and relationship building. Stelios, founder and CEO of easyJet Airlines, want to offer low cost airlines to its customer & to become leader in airline industries. He believed that in order to be successful, it was important to be first to market and to saturate the geographic market. The main issue with the easyJet is that due to monopoly of European Airline Industry, it is very difficult to become the global leader in Airline Industry. Due to monopoly of European airlines, easyJet airlines are not able to enter in to the European countries. For that Stelios had done a lot of efforts to attract passengers towards easyJet. He offered low cost tickets, easy ticketing procedure through internet or phone call, and also he purchase some front seat tickets of an European airlines and send his employee in a uniform that is advertising for Easy Jet. It means some passengers traveling in an European airlines are advertising for Easyjet Airlines. To succeed successfully in the airline industry, a company must be led by a visionary leader with good decision making skills. The leader must be in-line with the organizational culture, promoting a favorable internal environment. In order to become the global leader, Stelios, founder & CEO of jet Airlines tries his hand in other business in 1999. Among his pet projects was the creation of a cyber cafà © business called easyEverything cafà ©. easyEverything will provide internet at lower cost (Less than a phone

Discuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve Essay

Discuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve - Essay Example most of the policy makers believed that unemployment and inflation could not occur at the same time and whichever occurred, it became a major determinant of the policies that would be adopted by a given economy. Another issue that the economists believed was that it was possible to achieve one objective without having negative implications on the other. However, the research that Philips undertook in 1958 provided information that generated quite a number of questions to those assumptions. On his part, Philips used the available UK data to make an analysis on the rates of inflation and unemployment in UK. After plotting the result of the research, Philips noted that there existed an inverse relationship between wage inflation and unemployment. As a way of checking the relevance of the Philips conclusion, other economists used price inflation instead of wage inflation and noted that the results were similar curves and this became the origin of the Philip curve. This paper seeks to dis cuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve as well as how unemployment rate of 5% may be inflationary in one country, while it is deflationary in another country. According to the curve, any change in the level of unemployment produced a predictable as well as direct impact on the level of price inflation. Philips, together with other policy makers adopted the relationship between the two variables and noted that an increase in aggregate demand as well as fiscal stimulus in the economy triggers various responses. First, they noted that an increase in demand as the spending by the government rises results into national growth. This is followed by falling on the pool of unemployed. On their part, firms will be involved in competing for fewer workers available in the economy by increasing their nominal wages making the workers to have a higher bargaining power as they seek to have their nominal wages raised further (Forder, 2014). As the economy gets near to full capacity,

Planning Law And Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Planning Law And Implementation - Essay Example Some of the key administrative roles of the planning agencies include preparing and implementing policies, organising and allocation of goals and solving the conflicts that may arise from interest groups (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Since a planning policy can affect the future economic prosperity of a given area, it cannot be taken as an independent statutory activity of the state. Negotiations play a key role in implementing a planning policy. There is always a need to encompass the views of all interest groups in a given planning policy. Negotiations help to encompass all the activities and views of organizations involved in the planning process such as the central government, statutory bodies, local planning authorities, the market, and the public in the planning process. It is crucial to consider these interests to avoid conflicts after the full implementation of a policy. Each of these agencies mentioned above has a certain degree of influence in the planning process (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Their influence may be experienced at various stages of policy formulation as well as implementation. The degree of influence of these interest groups varies in different situations and different groups. The policy planners must make sure that they draft and implement policies that are most appropriate in a given administrative area. Through negotiations with the interest groups, the varying opinions from these parties are put into consideration. However, these opinions are not used as a blueprint in the policy planning, but they are used as a scope for amendments where some factors may be taken into account. Negotiations also try to balance the market choice, which is the individuals’ desires, and the political choices that are the actions and the desires of the state (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.253). The process of selecting and amending polices should not be taken as a technical problem solving task, which can only be undertaken by professionals with high skills and perfect knowledge. Any planning process should incorporate the technical issues with the behavioral actions and choices in different options. Following this relationship, the occurrence of conflicts is inevitable among the interested organizations, the state and individuals. Negotiation can be used to avoid these conflicts. # 2 The country and town planning in the United Kingdom have experienced many years of legislative, practical and professional experience behind it. At the end of the twentieth century, the commission on planning had a significant influence in the country. It has increased its environmental regulation and structural funds programmes through the new concept of spatial planning in the country. Spatial plans have been effective in solving the conflicts that arise from changes in land use and property development (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Spatial planning is an instrument that is helpful in establishing sustainable and long-term frame works for social, economic and territorial development both between and within countries. The main role played by partial planning is enhancing the integration among sectors like transport, housing, industry and energy. It is also an essential tool for improving the local and national systems of rural and urban development; this takes into account the environme ntal issues. Spatial planning plays both developmental and regulatory functions (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.253). As a regulatory mechanism, spatial planning assists the government at local and national levels to give approval for a certain activity. As a development mechanism, the government uses it to elaborate on developmental tools necessary for

Business Process Outsourcing Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Outsourcing - Research Proposal Example Therefore, it will be our endeavour to figure out; Therefore, using reliable secondary sources of data would certainly yield the information related to certain cases which have been highlighted in the mainstream media. Haley (2003) contends that a number of researchers have opted to conduct secondary research instead of primary research, primarily because of the cost of conducting such a research and limited opportunities for conducting primary research. Some reliable secondary sources for this research would be the document from NASSCOM, one of India's premier institution representing the software and IT industry; Data available from reputed international organisation like WTO and ILO. Newspaper reports like; Will also prove handy to understand what's going on inside the glittering ITES buildings. In order to assess the opinion of all major stakeholders in the outsourcing industry, we can plan out interviews/ questionnaire surveys with; iii. Some ITES workers. It must be emphasised here that these workers are discouraged from shelling out information to outsiders. But, it needs bit of convincing and an undertaking on the part of the researcher to the effect that, this research is being carried out primarily for academic purpose, and it won't be used for any other purpose. iv. Some union leaders from India like those from UNITES, and some international union leaders like those from UNI Global union. This will help us in knowing both sides of the story. v. Seeking the opinion of someone from the medical profession will also help in correlating the physiological and psychological disorders. Information thus collected will help us in making the comparisons and further investigating the trend. In order to determine the possible implications and significance of the US/UK shifts in the outsourcing industry in India, an interview questionnaire shall be prepared which will seek answers from the respondents accordingly. Part A of the questionnaire will contain the demographic characteristics of the respondents which will serve as the profile of the respondents. This will include their gender, age, employment, and affiliations profile. Part B will determine the behaviour and attitudes of the respondents as to how they perceive the working in graveyard shifts Part C will assess and identify the possible impl

Planning Law And Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Planning Law And Implementation - Essay Example Some of the key administrative roles of the planning agencies include preparing and implementing policies, organising and allocation of goals and solving the conflicts that may arise from interest groups (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Since a planning policy can affect the future economic prosperity of a given area, it cannot be taken as an independent statutory activity of the state. Negotiations play a key role in implementing a planning policy. There is always a need to encompass the views of all interest groups in a given planning policy. Negotiations help to encompass all the activities and views of organizations involved in the planning process such as the central government, statutory bodies, local planning authorities, the market, and the public in the planning process. It is crucial to consider these interests to avoid conflicts after the full implementation of a policy. Each of these agencies mentioned above has a certain degree of influence in the planning process (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Their influence may be experienced at various stages of policy formulation as well as implementation. The degree of influence of these interest groups varies in different situations and different groups. The policy planners must make sure that they draft and implement policies that are most appropriate in a given administrative area. Through negotiations with the interest groups, the varying opinions from these parties are put into consideration. However, these opinions are not used as a blueprint in the policy planning, but they are used as a scope for amendments where some factors may be taken into account. Negotiations also try to balance the market choice, which is the individuals’ desires, and the political choices that are the actions and the desires of the state (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.253). The process of selecting and amending polices should not be taken as a technical problem solving task, which can only be undertaken by professionals with high skills and perfect knowledge. Any planning process should incorporate the technical issues with the behavioral actions and choices in different options. Following this relationship, the occurrence of conflicts is inevitable among the interested organizations, the state and individuals. Negotiation can be used to avoid these conflicts. # 2 The country and town planning in the United Kingdom have experienced many years of legislative, practical and professional experience behind it. At the end of the twentieth century, the commission on planning had a significant influence in the country. It has increased its environmental regulation and structural funds programmes through the new concept of spatial planning in the country. Spatial plans have been effective in solving the conflicts that arise from changes in land use and property development (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.252). Spatial planning is an instrument that is helpful in establishing sustainable and long-term frame works for social, economic and territorial development both between and within countries. The main role played by partial planning is enhancing the integration among sectors like transport, housing, industry and energy. It is also an essential tool for improving the local and national systems of rural and urban development; this takes into account the environme ntal issues. Spatial planning plays both developmental and regulatory functions (Cullingworth & Nadin 2001, p.253). As a regulatory mechanism, spatial planning assists the government at local and national levels to give approval for a certain activity. As a development mechanism, the government uses it to elaborate on developmental tools necessary for

Gun control College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun control College - Essay Example The assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King and etc in the year 1960 develop issues related to gun control and the element of guns and arms become a subject of passion and controversy (Roleff, 2007). Different people have different opinions about the issue of gun control and many individuals consider it as a criminal issue however different people consider as a right issue. Responsible citizens can manage this issue but if it is not managed properly then it can create numerous problems for than individual and for the society Different laws regarding to arms and ammunition has been initiated by the government since 1934 and these laws and regulations are for the firearms and their ammunition. The biggest advantage of gun control is that it curbs the access of arms by criminals, juveniles and other high risk individuals. Individuals believe that federal measures are the most important element of reducing the availability of guns and it can easily stop crimes. Similarly, the registration of guns and the registrations of arm dealers can reduce the element of violence in our society (Roleff, 2007). This won't incur any social costs and no constitutional barriers are present. However, certain opponents of the gun control believed that federal policies keep the arms out of the hands of high risks persons but they create burdens for law-abiding citizens (Almanac of Policy Issues, 2009). There are two major federal statutes that are related to gun control. These two acts are National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Gun Control Act of 1968. A transfer tax was imposed on machine guns and short-barreled guns in the Act of 1934. However, the Act of 1968 prohibits mail order sales and interstate sales of guns and arms. Similarly, sales to minors and certain penalties and licensing requirements for manufacturers, dealers and importers were imposed. However, on June, 2008 made a landmark ruling regarding arms and the Supreme Court upholds the right of individuals to bear arms for hunting and for the purpose of self defense (Awesome Library, 2009). Certain statistics and figures are used in the gun control debate and statisticians suggest that the numbers of homicides with firearm persons are increasing and the figure has risen to 173%. However, from 1985 to 1993 the figure decreased by 47% and in the year 1999 this figure decreased to 22%. The advocates of gun control argue on the point that the availability of guns to injury and mortality rates comes from the study of domestic violence. The advocates of firearms believe that because homeowners possess a risk of home invasion that is the reason why they acquire arms and these guns and arms are for their security. However, researcher analyzed that he risk of a homicide is higher in these homes because individuals have easy access to guns and no one is present to stop them. A number of individuals believe that sensible gun control in beneficial for the society and all the guns and owners of these guns should be registered. The Bullets of these guns should have serial numbers so that in becomes quite easy to trace a crime. Proper registration process must be incorporated and the gun

Portfolio Models Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Models Essay The use of portfolio models in marketing has been gaining increasing use since 1960s. The portfolio models were developed with the aim of helping in the development of market share and growth. These models have been used as strategic thinking model in the making of business decision. These models include BCG, General electric/shell, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. Each model has been criticized on the capabilities and according to its scope on market share. These models have been found to lead to the wrong decision in investment and other business processes. The portfolio models assume a causal relationship between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. The common scope of portfolio models is the way it tries to ignores some of the most relevant strategic issues in business. Therefore, all models cannot be taken as an effective strategic decision making model. It should however be discarded or it should be used with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative way should be sought to replace this. Introduction Portfolio models can be defined as a method or strategy in which a new product will be introduced in the market and perform as it was expected. In the 1960s, there was growing assertion of the use of portfolio models in marketing. There was growing interest on the development of market share and growth strategy which later came to be known as marketing portfolio. The BCG matrix, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models and GE/S were meant to achieve the marketing needs especially when introducing new products in the market. They were meant to stimulate strategic thinking especially among the senior marketing executives in the turbulent business environment. However, there has been dysfunction of these models in the way they are taught and the way they are applied in the market. This study will look into the applicability of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing. The study will evaluate the view from a number of literature to understand whether the model can really be applied to the decision making process or not. This paper therefore evaluates the available literature which has given an insight into this model to understand how it can be applied in strategic marketing decision. There are other methods that were introduced to give a product a distinctive market share especially when it’s introduced. There are four commonly used methods to approach this matter, the Boston consulting group (BCG), the General electric/shell (GE/S), Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. Therefore to give the clear meaning of the portfolio model, there is a need to understand how the portfolio models work. The first step to be taken when using the above models is to understand the different business/ marketing strategies of the company. Portfolio models in marketing decisions Portfolio models management generally defines the way business comes up with strategic decision to venture into the market. In this definition, the strategic marketing decision is a method by which marketing ideas are made and implemented in order for a product to have stronger grounds in the market. At any one time, company will be coming up with new product which will need to be introduced to the market in the most successful way. Portfolio models therefore provide the business with important tools for analyzing of the strategic decision to determine their effectiveness in the market (Abell and Hammond, 1979, p. 42). Purpose of portfolio models in strategic decision making in marketing There are mainly four main purpose of using the portfolio models in the strategic marketing decisions which are pursued in portfolio management and must be achieved through any model that is used. These goals include the maximization of portfolio, seeking of the right balance of the available projects, aligning of the portfolio strategically, and aligning the projects to the available resource (Ansoff, 1984, p. 12). Smith and Swinyard (1999, p. 2) also show that portfolio marketing models are important for an organization to assess the overall success of a new product in the market before a lot of money is used in the development of the product. They both call for the use of multiple marketing models in order to achieve the overall success of introducing new products in the market. This will reduce the failure rate of the products and extend their life cycle in the market. (Thomas, 2002, p. 61) The models can also be used as important tools to forecast the level of competition and therefore draw upon effective way of beating this competition. They help to forecast the performance of a product in the market so as to draw up strategies to effectively introduce it in the market. Edgett, Cooper, and Kleinschmidt (2002, p. 2) showed that in order to achieve full development of a new product in the market, there has to be effective portfolio management. There are different types of portfolio models that include the BCG, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models. In his review of the portfolio models, Day (1977, p. 32) showed that the use of bubble diagrams had been gaining increasing use in business. Day shows that these models resemble the portfolio models with stars, cash cows, dogs, and others. He showed that these models could be used successfully to forecast the market in the future. Day therefore asserted the role of matrix like Boston matrix in marketing. The Boston matrix could be used to show four quadrants as has been shown by Day and corresponding strategies which could be used in each quadrant. However Day criticizes the matrix on the sense that it is too narrow on its scope. He asserts that the BCG matrix has a narrow focus on the market share of the product. On the other hand Morrison and Wensley (1991, p. 106) provided an insight into the portfolio planning models as used in making business decision. They asserted that the use of BCG matrix in portfolio management is inhibited by difficulties in measurement of the rate of market growth and the relative market share of the product. This is due to a number of reasons. They gave the most prominent reason being the fact that market boundaries are often very difficult to fix which meant the different matrix methods will give different recommendations for a given situation. Therefore they argue that the common scope of BCG matrix in a way ignores some of the most relevant strategic issues in business. Though these other models are not as famous as BCG, Day still argues that use of them could also lead to success in the market. Day advocated and recommended the use of Porters competitiveness that he viewed to have higher possibilities of success than other models if its well implemented. It is commonly used in an already operating business with other products in the market. The experience curve can only be help to the company that has been in the market for sometime with a different product. The experience that the company has gained in the given period will determine the strength of the company in the market. This has been used by several companies like coca-cola in the introduction their mineral water. It would be hard for a company that has not been doing well in the market to succeed with the new product. They showed that Boston matrix was a technique for one season and not for all the season. This is because its popularity and use increased in the 1960s and 1970s and then plummeted due to the challenges faced in the market. They showed that the single chart could be successfully used to determine the growth potential and the competitive strength of a product in the market but this has rapidly changed with time. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 38) evaluation on the applicability of the Boston matrix concluded that the use of the matrix to guide investors often would result to wrong decision through the use of BCG. General Electric and Shell, Porters competitive models are designed for long term use in the market, once the product has been introduced in the market, the models techniques still continues to support the product through the entire life in the market. Whichever model is used, it has to be used for entire life of the company because no other model will fit without altering the companies business especially when the company is introducing new product in the market. Although they based their study on a small number of graduates in a class, they gave a further warning against the use of the matrix in a simple mind. Armstrong and Brodie (1994, p. 3) carried out a study on the effect of the portfolio planning methods on the overall decision making process. Their study pointed out the weakness in the use of BCG matrix in making strategic decision in an organization. Their study revealed that the use of BCG matrix in making investment decisions was highly likely to lead to unprofitable investment while Robert and Merton (1989, p. 210) advocates that the implementation of other models instead of matrix were intended for lifetime decision making. If not well implemented, there is a probability of causing life time losses and would be hard to recover unless the product is withdrawn from the market. Each model has some weaknesses bas they are exposed out in the way models assume a casual relationship between the market share and the profitability of a product in the market. Morison and Wesley (1991, p. 26) also pointed out lack of consistency in the use of the portfolio models in determining market growth and profits. These studies give varied views on the use of Boston matrix, GE/S, Hofner-Schendel, Experience Curve and Porters Competitive models in making marketing decision. They all seem to point out on the weaknesses of these models in light of their theory and application. There are other ways a business can prosper other than using portfolio models. The strategies used in introducing the product in the market is all that matters, portfolios are just to give the business a rough idea on how to approach the marketing matter but not to give a conclusive tread which the business should follow. Conclusion Portfolio models are applied in portfolio management. They are applied in management to make strategic marketing decision. Though they had gained increasing use in different times, they have some weaknesses that are fatal to the welfare of the business in future. On the other hand they may give a rough idea on how to approach the market issues and on how to introduce the new product in the market. In all portfolios, not is able to predict the growth and the profit margins or losses on the other hand for the product, thus making them less important tool for the marketing. However the use of models should be discarded and there be implemented new strategies that would be able to address the issues of the business on long term and in both growth and revenues that are likely to be gained by the introduced product. Recommendations: The use of portfolio models is not recommended and if they have to be used, they must be implemented with great caution. None of all models has proofed an effective strategic decision making in regard to the marketing issues. It should however be discarded or it should be used with caution. This paper does not recommend the use of portfolio models and an alternative way should be sought to replace this.

The Relevance Of Legal Positivism

The Relevance Of Legal Positivism I have chosen to critically examine The Contemporary Relevance of Legal Positivism by Professor Brian Z Tamanaha who has written on the topic of legal positivism, and this is a legal theory that greatly interests me. Though the title suggests otherwise, in his article Tamanaha argues a particular point that in its current state legal positivism fails to engage with real world matters.  [2]  Tamanaha goes on to suggest that legal positivism has been emasculated  [3]  to the point where it is no longer a relevant legal theory, as modern discussions on legal positivism have drastically shifted away from the original ideas of legal positivism proposed by Bentham and Austin. However, to make such claims effectively requires compelling evidence, and this is something that the article plainly lacks. Moreover, Tamanahas article is full of presumptions, which one can only assume that he has misinterpreted many of the theoretical debates between key characters within legal positivism. As a result, this dissertation will argue that although Tamanaha makes some important points, overall there are too many inaccuracies within the article, which make it weak and unpersuasive. There are three particular arguments that will be pursued in this dissertation. Firstly, it will be argued that Legal Positivism does in fact deal with real world matters. Secondly, that the separation thesis supported by Hart is in fact false and Tamanaha may have misunderstood his work. Thirdly, it will be argued that Tamanahas alternative is not the way to move forward; in fact we should move in a completely different direction and focus more on science rather than descriptive theory. Legal Positivism and Real World Matters To begin with, we need to clarify that Tamanahas article is not without value, as Tamanaha has made some valid arguments, which cannot be disputed. Throughout his article, Tamanaha gives us a good account of what traditional legal positivism stood for and how contemporary legal theorists have transformed this important legal theory. As a result, it is only necessary to give a brief account of the historical background of legal positivism at a later stage in the dissertation. For now, we will turn our attention to the issues within the article, the most problematic claim in the Tamanaha article is one where he states that legal positivists have divided into two different groups whereby both argue about legal theories and turn their backs on real world matters.  [4]  This is something that I strongly disagree with and will be spending a large section of the essay arguing against this point. Apologies are made in advance, as it may seem to the reader that we are going off on a tangent but it will become clear at the end of this section that Tamanaha has made a critical mistake in making this claim. My line of argument will be to look at Brian Lieters writings in Legal Realism and Legal Positivism Reconsidered and dispute Tamanahas statement through the link between American Legal Realism and Legal Positivism. Leiter argues at the outset the there are two common misconceptions within jurisprudence that he wants to rebuff. Firstly, that Legal Positivism a nd Legal Realism are not incompatible from a conceptual level. Secondly, that Legal Realism has been gravely misunderstood even by the central character of modern legal positivism, Hart.  [5]   It seems in Leiters view that only by comparing Legal Realism to Legal Positivism on a conceptual level can Hart argue that they are opposed to one another. He adds on that Positivism is essentially a theory of law-a theory, in part, about what is distinctive of any societys legal normsRealism is essentially a descriptive theory of adjudication, a theory about what it is judges really do when they decide cases.  [6]  In order for Legal Realism to work it must presuppose a theory of law and this is where according to Leiter Legal Positivism comes in.  [7]  Leiter admits that Legal Realism cannot ascertain to be a theory of law on a conceptual level because quite frankly is it a philosophical mess but he suggests that there are links between Legal Positivism and Legal Realism on an Empirical level. The empirical level will consider whether or not legal rules causally determine judicial decisions. Leiter goes on to add that even though Hart was aware of this possibility he has n ot given a convincing argument to dispute the link at the empirical level.  [8]  One has to wonder why Hart stayed clear of such debates, was there something he was afraid of discovering. Leiter is insistent that anyone writing on Legal Realism should fully understand what it stood for before attempting to define what it is or what it does. He adds on that many of the main characters within Legal Realism like Llewellyn, Frank, Radin, Moore, Yntema, Cohen, Oliphant, Green, and Hutcheson wanted to achieve the goal of understanding judicial decision-making and, in particular, shared certain substantive views about how adjudication really works.  [9]  Leiter presses the argument that Legal Realism is a descriptive theory about how judges actually decide cases based on the facts of the cases instead of looking at legal rules. Although, it does seem clear that judges can predict cases if they fall within distinct patterns. This process allows judges and lawyers to predict the outcome of a case where the facts fall within a situation type which the outcome of that type has already been determined.  [10]  Oliphant clarifies this point when referring to commercial law and dealings between parties and the fact that judges may rely on commercial norms  [11]  (i.e. what would reasonably be expected of both parties in this situation) in order to decide a case. Therefore, it seems that Realists wanted to identify and describe the way in which decisions are made by judges.  [12]  This is very similar to the way in which conceptual analysis works, which demonstrates that there is some sort of link between Legal Realism and Legal Positivism. Legal Realists wanted to push forward the idea of an empirical theory of adjudication as it gave us the best opportunity to fully understand judicial decisions.  [13]  Of course, such a theory would only work if Realists were able to presuppose an existing theory of the concept of law.  [14]   Leiter, like many others before him makes it clear that Legal Positivism is a theory of law or about the nature of law.  [15]  What this tells us is that we must use this theory as a way of understanding and analysing our concept of law. This is a task which involves establishing the criteria of legality  [16]  and determining whether a certain norm is a legal norm. Leiter then covers the two most important theses of the Positivists theory. The social thesis (which concludes it is society which decides what will count as law, social fact) and the separation thesis (which states that what the law is and what it ought to be are separate questions).  [17]  If Leiters work is read carefully, it will become clear where Hart went wrong in his analysis and the fact that Hart offers no conclusive arguments to rebut the connections between Legal Positivism and Legal Realism. So if Hart misunderstood Legal Realism himself it is inevitable that those who read Hart and interpret his work will be making the same mistakes. There are two clear arguments as to why Legal Realism and Legal Positivism are connected. Firstly, both Legal Realists and Legal Positivists accept that law is indeterminate. According to Leiter, Realists argue that trying to determine if a law is justified, based on legal rules has not worked in the past and that is not something that Realists want to do.  [18]  Therefore, Realists only wanted to find out what it is that makes judges decide cases in this way. Similarly, Hart accepted that legal rules are indeterminate because there is a limit, inherent in the nature of language, to the guidance which general language can provide.  [19]  This was because language is, in Harts opinion, open-textured: There will indeed be plain cases constantly recurring in similar contexts to which general expressions are clearly applicable (If anything is a vehicle a motor-car is one) but there will also be cases where it is not clear whether they apply or not. (Does vehicle used here include bicycles, airplanes, roller skates?). The latter are fact-situations, continually thrown up by nature or human invention, which possess only some of the features of the plain cases but others which they lack.  [20]   This then makes it clear that even the most celebrated 21st century legal positivist is aware that there are similar features between Legal Positivism and Legal Realism. The second argument is that both Positivists and Realist agree that legal rules do not determine decisions in some cases.  [21]  Realists for example argue that it will be up to judges to decide how the use a range of tools available to them when interpreting previous decisions. As Llewellyn puts it judges have the discretion to interpret a case strictly or loosely and that in most cases their interpretation will be recognised, legitimate, honorable.  [22]  It is through adjudication that private parties, such as individuals or corporations are able to sort out legal disputes. In addition, adjudication is there to review any disagreements between private parties and public officials. If then judges are involved in the legal process whereby they have to assess evidence and arguments presented to them about leg al issues surely this is something which can be considered a real world matter. Tamanaha has failed to consider these sorts of arguments in his article and as a result has opened himself up to criticism. Contrary to Tamanahas argument, Legal Positivism does deal with real world matters, as adjudication is a real world matter. Legal Realism is about highlighting how law operates in practice, and Realists wanted to locate law in its broader context (not separate). Leiter also points out that Realists challenged the myth of legal certainty- by highlighting indeterminacy of law. More importantly to our task here, it is clear that Legal Realism concerns law and study of law as an inherently practical activity associated with the real world.  [23]  As a result, these findings suggest that Tamanaha was wrong to make such an erroneous claim without looking at the evidence to back up his premise. There are also a number of other faults with Tamanahas article. In an attempt to convince the reader, Tamanaha has selected specific writings about legal positivism, which heavily criticise it in order to suit his side of argument, whilst ignoring arguments that are made in favour of legal positi vism. He quotes Waldron who said that these analytical discussions tend to be flat and repetitive in consequence, revolving in smaller and smaller circles among a diminishing band of acolytes  [24]  . What Waldron believes is that we should go back to traditional legal philosophy in order to improve our understanding of the concept of law. He states that in legal philosophy: there is less of a sense of a canon of great books stretching back to the dawn of time. If there is canonical work it is H.L.A Harts book, The Concept of Law, which analytical jurists read over and over (and the squabble amongst themselves as to what it means and whose position is now closest to what Harts is taken to be). Since Hart Developed his theory by criticizing the nineteenth-century jurisprudence of John Austin, there is also some half-hearted discussion on Austins work. Beyond that however, the canon of legal philosophy is attenuated and non-existent.  [25]   Of course, it is true that there hasnt been any standout publication on legal philosophy after Hart published The Concept of Law, but that does not mean that we should go back to the traditional ideologies on legal philosophy. Hart proved that some of the original ideas behind legal philosophy are unpractical in a modern society thus is it unproductive to keep applying them when trying to ascertain our concept of law. So common sense and reality would make us reject what Waldron suggests. Tamanaha then considers Twining, who has asserted that positivist debates are now repetitious, trivial, and almost entirely pointless.  [26]  Twining comes across as a great admirer of Bentham whose work is highly valued, however, Twining believes that Bentham should not remain as a historical figure in legal philosophy. For Twining Benthams à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦version of legal positivism; a more flexible and subtle conception of sovereignty than Austins; his penetrating attack on natural right; his progressive ideas on punishment; and his theory or adjudication  [27]  remain important topics. In fact, Twining goes one step further to suggest that we should go beyond Benthams work and look at the work of Augustine and Plato to help us understand issues we deal with today.  [28]  Whilst Benthams work was crucial, it is important to remind ourselves that what he produced was suited for the 19th century, thus it seems unlikely that it will be beneficial in dealing with issues in a contemporary society. With regards to going beyond Bentham, it is impossible to conceive how ancient ideologies would help us deal with modern issue and therefore Twinings suggestion is on the verge of being absurd. Tamanaha also refers to Schauers work to argue that large numbers of American law professors believe that analytical jurisprudence in general, and the debates about legal positivism in particular, are the largely irrelevant preoccupation of a small group of socially unaware but philosophical obsessed pedants.  [29]  The simple explanation to this is that almost everyone involved in legal philosophy is a positivist.  [30]  Even Tamanaha accepts that legal positivism is the dominant legal theory of law, as the first paragraph of his article states that: Most legal philosophers agree that legal positivism is the dominant theory of law today.  [31]  As a result, it is extremely difficult to argue on anything more than marginal issues as the main issues have already been agreed upon. Therefore, until we have another philosopher like Dworkin or Hart who is able to come up with new and radical ideas, unfortunately, marginal arguments is all that is left for contemporary legal positivists to debate. Tamanaha has presented some inconsistent arguments in support of his position. Right at the outset, he admits that legal positivism is by far the biggest camp within legal theory  [32]  but at the same time attempts to argue that it is no longer relevant. It is simply irrational to describe a theory as being both dominant and irrelevant at the same time, Tamanaha has either set out his article to be extremely provocative, or he has not really planned his arguments. Nonetheless, Tamanaha then moves on to explaining why legal positivism has reached this point of being irrelevant. One of his arguments is that for much of its existence, the primary foil for legal positivism has been natural law theory. But natural law theory no longer has the primacy it once did.  [33]  Yet, Tamanaha then says that due to an agreement reached by natural law theorists and legal positivists on certain issues legal positivism has lost and important reason for being.  [34]  It is astonishing how a professor who, according to Washington University in St Louis, is a renowned jurisprudence scholar and author  [35]  would make this sort of argument. Natural law theory might have hampered the complete domination of legal positivism but Tamanaha himself admits that natural law theory no longer has the primacy it once did. How can a legal theory lose a reason for being if it is still the dominant theory after all this this time? In fact, Tamanaha is completely wro ng as legal positivism is easily the best theory of law and there does not seem to be a theory out there that can match it.  [36]  Tamanaha seems to be confused as to what legal positivism stands for, namely that it seeks to provide a better understanding of the nature of law  [37]  and if a new idea comes along positivists are willing to adopt it. Churchill once said, I am an optimist- it does not seem to be much use being anything else.  [38]  It has become clear that Tamanahas reasoning as to why legal positivism is in a problematic state is completely flawed as natural law only had a marginal effect on the dominance of legal positivism. The most surprising error in Tamanahas article is his attribution to Harts success in the Concept of Law as on one of the reasons legal positivism has reached this point. Tamanaha writes that Hart established the parameters of the current understanding of legal positivism. Tamanaha goes on to add that legal positivism today remains trapped within Harts paradigm.  [39]  Either Tamanaha has misunderstood Harts writing or he has completely failed to grasp it. Hart made it clear in The Concept of Law that his interpretation of the concept of law is quite open in that it does not forbid the extension of the term.  [40]  Therefore, how can legal positivism be trapped in Harts paradigm if Hart himself has admitted that this is not a conclusive answer of what the concept of law is and that from time to time this term will need to be expanded in order to be applicable in a modern society. Tamanaha could at least afford Hart the courtesy of fully reading and understanding his work befo re making such erroneous presumptions, which do not portray Harts objectives. Yet, Tamanahas misinterpretation of Harts work does not stop there. One of his other arguments is that legal positivism through the separation thesis allows us to be in a better position to challenge evil law. Tamanaha relies on a quote from Hart who said that: So long as human beings can gain sufficient cooperation from some to enable them to dominate others, they will use the forms of law as one of their instruments. Wicked men will enact wicked rules which others will enforce. What surely is most needed in order to make men clear sighted in confronting the official abuse of power, is that they should preserve the sense that the certification of something as legally valid is not conclusive of the question of obedience, and that, however great the aura of majesty or authority which the official system may have, its demands must in the end be submitted to a moral scrutiny.  [41]   According to Tamanaha, only if we separate the question of law and morality we can be in a position to judge whether a law is moral or not, Tamanaha writes that Hart is Reminding everyone of the separation between law and morality, according to this view, should enable citizens and legal officials to recognize, resist, and disavow evil law.  [42]  To drive this point home Tamanaha also relies on Schauers work,  [43]  but in a few pages within the same work Schauer concludes that the separation of law and morality does not necessary allow people to resist bad law.  [44]  To add further misery to Tamanahas argument, Bix writes that there are no conclusive arguments either logical or psychological, for favouring legal positivism or natural law theory (or any other alternative) for the resistance to evil law.  [45]  Again, Bix is another source Tamanaha has quoted in his article but somehow he has either misread his own sources or has chosen to simply construct them in a way which would better suit his argument. In summary, it has become clear that Tamanaha has presented a number of unfounded arguments, which can easily be rebutted. In fact, some of his arguments come across as unprofessional and it is surprising that that someone who is highly regarded in legal philosophy would see any value in presenting such arguments to the reader. Having discovered that Tamanahas claim that legal positivism does not connect with real world matters is misguided, we will now move on to the second part of the dissertation, which will argue that contrary to Tamanahas belief the separation thesis is in fact false. Separation Thesis is False One of the key arguments Tamanaha makes in the article is that the shift away from traditional legal positivism has had a wider affect to the point that one of the fundamental ideas behind it namely, the separation thesis, has been dramatically transformed to a point where it no longer resembles the original ideas.  [46]  Looking at legal philosophy from a historical context, it is clear that Benthams contribution helped shape the way in which law is perceived today. As a result, it would be almost impossible to talk about legal positivism without mention his work. Classical legal positivism as portrayed by Bentham and Austin suggests that the notion of law is simply a command of the sovereign, which obliges subjects to obey the law and gives official authority to carry out punishment. Modern legal positivists adopt a considerably more sophisticated approach to the concept of law, but, like their distinguished predecessors,  [47]  they deny the relationship between law and mo rals.  [48]   Bentham single-handedly sought to transform English common law in order to achieve a greater good in society.  [49]  Through his critical analysis of the common law Bentham made it possible to construct a comprehensive theory of law. Bentham wanted to unmask the true meaning of the common law and make all of the common laws misconceptions clearer.  [50]  In his opinion, the common law was so indeterminate, and in such chaos that it was close to being pervasive. His main argument was that in order to achieve clarity and certainty common law had to be written and recorded in a manner, which could be traced when a similar legal issue arises, thus allowing for them to be deal with in the same manner throughout England.  [51]  Bentham wanted to organise the common law in a way that it could control the behaviour of society as citizens would have a clearer idea of how they would be punished if they disobeyed the law.  [52]  In addition, by systematically setting these rules it meant judges had less power in making the law and it made it easier to understand your legal rights and obligations. John Austin followed in the work of his predecessor as he advocated the idea of commands as notions of law. Austin was concerned about state power and which laws subjects had to obey. It can be argued that both Bentham and Austin wanted to achieve a greater understanding of the principal features of the law. However, it has been suggested that Austins definition of law as commands is limited in its application only to criminal law.  [53]  In addition, other writers have observed that whilst Bentham was concerned about a single complete law Austin wanted to create a science of law.  [54]  Austin also made it clear that what the law is and what it should be are two separate questions and they should always stay separate.  [55]  It is in no doubt that Bentham and Austin laid the foundations for modern legal positivism. However, their ideas have been considerably refined, developed, and even rejected, by contemporary legal positivists. H.L.A. Hart is often credited with providing a more sophisticated account of legal positivism than provided in Bentham and Austins writings. In doing so, Hart advises us that we must apply analytical, linguistic and philosophical techniques to the study of law in order to achieve a greater understand of the concept of law.  [56]  In The Concept of Law, Hart made this point clear from the outset in the preface that his task is about achieving a descriptive sociology [or in other words, hermeneutic description] thus a deeper meaning in the nature of words and law.  [57]  Hart considers legal concepts and the ideals we may have about the law and legal systems in a different point of view. He asks questions which had not been asked before, focusing specifically on the conceptual context of law. Whilst advocating some of the previous ideas about legal positivism, Hart strenuously denies that law should be seen as an imperative theory of law.  [58]  Harts interpretation of posi tivism is completely different to the accounts given by Bentham and Austin. This may be because society has changed dramatically since their time; as a result, contemporary legal positivism focuses less attention on a coercive picture of law. Hart made it clear that the only way to understand the true nature of law is to look at actual social practices that apply within our own communities.  [59]   Law, in Harts analysis, is a system of rules, which our society constructs and transforms as time goes by. Legal rules are divisible into primary rules and secondary rules.  [60]  Primary rules prohibited committing certain acts which would have jeopardised the close coexistence in our community (e.g. theft, murder etc.). However, as a society becomes more complex, there is obviously a need to change these primary rules, hence why Hart advocates secondary rules. Unlike primary rules, secondary rules do not generally impose duties, but usually confer power to adjudicate on breaches of primary rules, and to identify which rules are actually obligation rules.  [61]  For Hart, there are tw

Simpleton Kindness :: Values Virtues Kindness Essays, movies

Simpleton Kindness When people go to extremes in the name of selfless kindness, or in the case of Lloyd and Harry from Dumb and Dumber, when people who are motivated by attraction, desperation and kindness, go to extremes, more often then not something good happens in the end. Hollywood has a long standing tradition of lauding the bumbling hero who, though misguided, saves the day with little more than a kind heart and a strong will. Two examples of goodness conquering all are Tommy Boy and Dumb and Dumber. Both movies are highly comical, and play to the worst case scenario in the name of laughs, but underneath the comical exterior, the moral of both stories says, when people attempt to serve others or causes greater than themselves, goodness usually triumphs. After seven years in college, Tommy Callahan, who isn’t exactly the sharpest tool in the shed, finally graduates with a BA. He moves back to Ohio, where his dad owns an Auto Parts company. Despite his ineptitude, because his father owns the company, Tommy gets shot straight to the top of his father’s company. Not long after returning home, Tommy finds out his father is getting remarried. The excitement of having a new family is cut short when Tommy’s father dies of a stroke on his wedding day. Though the death of his Dad is troubling, there is little time to mourn. The family Auto Parts company relied heavily on the salesmanship of Tommy’s father, and without his drive and guidance, the company is in danger of getting bought out by a bigger corporation. With no experience to back him, and an academic past that does more to damage his credibility that establish it, Tommy volunteers to fill his father shoes, â€Å" I know I’m probably not the ans wer you guys are looking for but I feel like I oughta do something.† (Tommy Boy). The board has little confidence in Tommy, but they don’t have a better alternative, so Tommy sets out with the best of intentions, to save his fathers legacy, and the livelihood of his home town. Eventually Tommy succeeds in saving the business, exposing corruption in the process. Unlike Tommy Boy, in Dumb and Dumber, the motives of the main characters are highly mixed. The plot centers around Lloyd and his friend, and trusty side kick named Harry.

The Process of Video Game Design and Creation Essay example -- Gamin

Video games have become a substantial influence on the curriculum of the modern entertainment industry. From first-person shooters to role-playing games, the video game industry has became accessible to nearly every kind of player, whether it be a person who enjoys invigorating storytelling, or somebody who just wants to reduce armies into nothing more than bloody shrapnel. â€Å"†¦developing a ‘major’ game title can be a significant task – writers, game designers, sound designers, visual artists and more must work together to create the actual game.†(â€Å"The Process of Game Creation & the Game Design Document.") One thing not often taken into consideration, though, is the hard work and dedication that goes into many of the games people play. Every video game out there had to go through a rigorous process before it could reach the public’s hands. Every game usually starts out with a basic idea, a very basic concept, whether it is a story idea, or a game play idea. An idea might consist of something as simple as â€Å"A knight tries to save a princess from a monster,† or maybe â€Å"cars race with guns attached to their hull.† These ideas are so basic that one could argue a child could come up with them, but every idea has a start. Some games also draw inspiration from other media, such as movies or books, or television shows. A game play idea is only the start, though. This idea is usually put into a â€Å"Game Design Document,† a document that all the team members working on a game use to base their work off. Concept development is where the game starts to really become pieced together. â€Å"The concept development phase takes the germ of an idea for a game, works it up as a game outline, and tests it out on potential audiences.†("The Process of Game Cr... ...s into it. It requires a lot of work, polishing, and, when working with a staff, teamwork. Nobody makes a good game in one night. A single game may take years to complete. Not every game is great, but anyone who works in the industry understands what work goes into a game. It is not just, as one might say, â€Å"Fun and games.† Works Cited "The Process of Game Creation & the Game Design Document." Digital Worlds. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011. . "Brainy Gamer: The Cave Story story." Brainy Gamer. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011. . "Game Development Process - Design for Development."public wiki - Design for Development. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2011.

Society & the Mental Health of Women

The gender roles placed on women are far more harmful than they seem.   Women are expected to have communal traits whereas men are expected to be agentic.   Communal traits are things that maintain strong relationships like being nurturing or compassionate, and polite.   Men are generally expected to be assertive and competitive (White, pg 58).   When these gender roles are violated society tends to discriminate.   In the work place, when a woman is especially assertive she is often referred to as a bitch or masculine because others believe she is â€Å"not very feminine† but if a man were to do the same he would simply be seen as a go-getter (White, pg 59). This is a Western society norm, and it obviously puts women at a serious disadvantage professionally, because in order for her to achieve success as defined by society she must maintain relationships and not sacrifice them for advances in her career.   As a result, women hold lower positions, don’t get paid as much as men, and don’t get as many promotions.   This prejudice is the core cause to mental health problems for women, as well as an inherent trait of western society. At every level of education, it has been proven that women make less than men (Judith, 52).   Women are less likely to ask for raises because they don’t like to self-promote, and they also don’t want to create any animosity between her and her supervisor which would violate her role as a woman.   As a result of these professional setbacks women tend to be in lower economic classes.   Anyone with financial problems is at a higher risk for depression, but women have lower paying jobs, so they are more liable (Judith, 52).   Poverty definitely plays a big part in the development of depression, among other disorders.   Not having enough money to eat is severe stress and not having enough money to feed your children is twice as bad. One major problem in society that is mentally affecting our women is this culture of thinness.   There is an immense amount of pressure placed on women to be attractive and thin through the media and the stick-thin models regularly gracing magazine covers.   As a result, women are more likely to develop eating disorders.   Anorexia, an eating disorder that involves drastic fasting, and Bulimia, which consists of binge eating followed by any compensatory behavior, are virtually nonexistent in men (White, pg 62). Both of these disorders lead to serious health problems but anorexia ultimately leads to death by starvation.   It is thought that these disorders are caused by a perceived lack of control in their lives; which is balanced by these women having complete control over their looks.   Discrimination against unattractive or overweight women is an unspoken prejudice.   This epidemic of attaining physical perfection is actually an unnecessary and harmful setback for women. Women are more likely to seek therapy (Judith, 52).   There is an over-diagnosis of women and an under-diagnosis of men.   General discrimination towards women is that communal traits aren’t as valued as physical strength, which can lead to depression.   House work creates sense of never having leisure time, it provides no emotional reward and an isolation factor.   Emphasis on physical appearance, body image eating disorders, lack of control over appearance leads to depression.   Gender roles, since women are expected to be communal their relationships can lead to depression because there is more pressure on them to have good relationships, so when the relationships are unsuccessful, they tend to blame themselves. In the text book Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Gender, author Jacuelyn W. White discusses the cultural differences between men and women.   She argues that men and women live in entirely two separate worlds and likens the contrasting relationship between they have to that of a difference between two culture.   The requirements society places on this underlying female culture is the core cause of violence against women, such as rape sexual harassment and physical abuse (White, pg 58).   Western society designates women into an objectified position. They are seen as objects of sexual obsession, and a reward of male agentic interaction, but they are not seen as equal within male culture.   Oddly enough, within female culture, mainstream success is based on beauty, politeness and being conductors of societal interaction.   This is often the reason why the common saying is made that, if women ruled the world, war would no longer exist. In her book, Women’s Lives, Judeth Bridges analyzes dysfunctional female mental health.   She points out that girls and women account for 95 percent of cases of anorexia nervosa (Judith, 52).   One to four percent of all female adolescents and young adults suffer from the disorder (Judith, 52). Women are two to three times more likely to experience depression over their lifetime.   Women are also more likely to attempt suicide. Anorexia nervosa, and Bulimia are diseases, but they can both be seen as the direct result of personality disorders formed by women in reaction to societal confines.   The influences these societal confines have on the mental health of women is undeniable, but these societal prejudices are also being combated through contemporary film. The heroine in cinema has come a long way since the origin of film.   It can be argued that this is a directly relative to societal changes.   The performing arts have evolved from not allowing blacks, or women to perform, to having minorities in lead roles where they play everyman/woman characters.   From the villainously empowering days of the Femme fatale, to the current science fiction roles in which women save the world without any male assistance, the female in cinema is on the verge of equal empowerment. This is most true of those female celebrities who have established themselves as capable to play a broad range of roles.   Actresses like Angelina Jolie, Demi Moor and Sigourney Weaver play everything from action adventure heroines to pregnant mothers.   These women have contributed to the tradition of changing societal expectations of women through film.   One of the key films that plays on the cultural differences between men and women, while at the same time honestly depicts them is the film The Terminator, directed by James Cameron. The Terminator launched the career of, at the time, professional body builder and current governor Arnold Schwarzenegger; but more importantly, it is the quintessential science-fiction film. A young woman, by the name of Sarah Connor is hunted down by a cybernetic killer, who has traveled back in time from the year 2029.   In the future war between the Robots and humans, it is prophesied that Sarah Connor will give birth to the man who will save the human race. Thus, through her carrying out her motherly duty she becomes the hero of the film.   The twist on societal norms resides in the fact that Sarah Connor is also heralded as a great military hero in the future. These are ideals very common of the feminist empowerment movement.   Sarah maintains her social status as a female, while at the same time, she embodies all of the agentic qualities necessary to be a heroic soldier.   Though Connor is a soldier, she is also a woman who needs love, and by nature she feels the urge to love and mother a child.   In the beginning of the film, Sarah Connor is sensitive and weak. As the film progresses, her character becomes more confident and assertive.   The scene where Reese, her protector and love interest, teaches her how to make a pipe bomb from household products is an example of her learning the competitive tactics of men, and the point of her initial crossover into the role of the great soldier she is destined to become.   Connor in essence is presented as the last hope for the human race.   It is the triangular relationship between the Terminator, Connor and Reese that makes the most significant statement with regards to the contrast between male and female culture. Reese initially is sent back to protect Sarah Connor. Unbeknownst to either of them, he will eventually become the biological father of the baby he is sent to protect.   Reese is still a mortal, and continuously reminded of this fact when confronting the Terminator.   Sarah Connor is mortal, but she is also a great war hero fulfilling a prophecy. Sarah Connor’s character is empowered in this film and Reese is actually effeminized; by this, I mean that Reese is actually the weaker of the two. In the greatest measure of manliness against the ultimate destroying machine, Connor manages to surpass this benchmark; and in the end, she is the one who kills the Terminator. Whereas Reese, her supposed male protector, dies and fails where Sarah succeeds.   In the end, the only purpose he served was to produce offspring.   The man and the woman switch roles in this way, and an ironic yet empowering message is relayed to the audience.   Through film, the ideal that men and women are equal becomes more than just a neglected notion. In sum, societal expectations can be identified as the core cause to mental health problems in most women.   This can be seen in their inclination towards eating disorders, depression, and suicide attempts.   Though some of these ideals are being combated, women are still dying trying to fit into size zeros; they are forming social anxiety disorders that result in the increase of plastic surgery, excessively more expensive fashionable retail, and overall unrealistic expectations applied to women.   Advancements in mental health for women starts with adjustments to the prevalent ideals inherent in western society. Work Cited Belton, John. American Cinema/American Culture. New York: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting and New York Center for Visual History, 1994. Bridges, Judith, and Claire A. Etaugh. Women's Lives. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 51-53. Russ, Joanna. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies ; Vol. 4, No. 2 (Summer, 1979), p. 71. Sociology of motherhood.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 9 Jan 2007, 11:29 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 23 Apr 2007 . White, Jacquelyn W. Taking Sides. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Dubuque: McGraw-Hills Company, 2007. 1-396.